Distance-Scaled Water Concentrations versus Mass-Median Drop Size, Temperature, and Altitude in Supercooled Clouds

Surface crystallization of supercooled water in clouds.

The process by which liquid cloud droplets homogeneously crystallize into ice is still not well understood. The ice nucleation process based on the standard and classical theory of homogeneous freezing initiates within the interior volume of a cloud droplet. Current experimental data on homogeneous freezing rates of ice in droplets of supercooled water, both in air and emulsion oil samples, sho...

Small-Scale Drop-Size Variability: Empirical Models for Drop-Size-Dependent Clustering in Clouds

By analyzing aircraft measurements of individual drop sizes in clouds, it has been shown in a companion paper that the probability of finding a drop of radius r at a linear scale l decreases as l, where 0 D(r) 1. This paper shows striking examples of the spatial distribution of large cloud drops using models that simulate the observed power laws. In contrast to currently used models that assume...

Doppler Cloud Radar Derived Drop Size Distributions in Liquid Water Stratus Clouds

A cloud particle size retrieval algorithm that uses radar reflectivity factor and Doppler velocity obtained by a 35-GHz Doppler radar and liquid water path estimated from microwave radiometer radiance measurements is developed to infer the size distribution of stratus cloud particles. Assuming a constant, but unknown, number concentration with height, the algorithm retrieves the number concentr...

Empirical models for drop-size-dependent clustering in clouds

Mean Drop Size and Drop Size Distribution in a Hanson Mixer-Settler Extraction Column